Defensive strategies of Castro de la Peña de Sámano in Cantabria, Spain

Castro de la Peña de Sámano, located in the Junta Vecinal de Sámano, Castro Urdiales, in Cantabria, Spain, was a strategic fortification from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. The site, fortified with thick walls spanning about half a kilometer, was built to leverage the site's natural defensive conditions. The large entry point, 'Puerta de la Sangaza', in the northern part of the castro, was approximately half a kilometer long and 3 meters wide. The eastern end of the wall was strengthened to resist a potential attack from the Peña de Santullán. A smaller entrance, 'La Puerta del Vallegón', provided access to the western part of the castro. In the western part of the castro, a small cave known as 'La Cueva del Ziguste' was discovered, containing Second Iron Age metallic materials. The castro faced looting before its official discovery.

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