Unraveling the Enigma of San Miguel de Afuera on Monte Canraso, Tudela, Navarra

The enigmatic remnants of the ermita de San Miguel de Afuera, perched upon Monte Canraso in Tudela, Navarra, have captivated minds for centuries. It was constructed in the 14th century, and its potential purposes continue to provoke debate, spanning from a shepherd's shrine to a formidable hill fort. The neighboring hilltop and robust walls support the latter theory. Originally named for the Archangel San Miguel, it is locally referred to as San Miguel de Afuera to distinguish it from another church of the same name within city walls. It was consecrated in 1322, only to sustain considerable damage during the Peninsular War against the French in 1808.

Sources: Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons