Emmanuel Nobel, inventor of underwater mines. A native of Uppsala, where he received higher education. Worked as an architect in Stockholm. After bankruptcy, he moved in 1832 to the Grand Duchy of Finland. From 1842 to 1859, he lived in Saint Petersburg, where he founded a mechanical factory. During the Crimean War of 1853–1856, he supplied weapons and mines to the Russian army. In 1859, he declared bankruptcy and moved to Sweden. Robert Emmanuelovich Nobel was born in Sweden and came to Saint Petersburg with his mother. From 1850, he worked at his father's factory. In 1859 (or 1861), he went to Finland, then returned to Russia and worked for many years at enterprises he founded together with his brothers. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (October 21, 1833, Stockholm – December 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy), founder of the Nobel Prizes, son of Emmanuel Nobel. In Russia, he became acquainted with the works of N. N. Zinin and V. F. Petrushevsky on the chemical technology of nitroglycerin and its practical use. In 1863, he established production, and in 1867 obtained a patent in the United Kingdom for explosives collectively called "dynamites." In 1867, he patented the first mercury fulminate detonator cap in the United Kingdom. Organizer and co-owner of dynamite production enterprises, which were united into two trusts and operated in almost all Western European countries. Member of the Royal Society of London and the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Ludwig Nobel, entrepreneur, machine tool designer, member of the Russian Technical Society. Son of Emmanuel Nobel. He transformed the enterprises founded by his father in Saint Petersburg into a large engineering plant "Ludwig Nobel" (later the "Russian Diesel" plant). In 1876, together with his brothers Robert and Alfred, he founded an oil industrial enterprise in Baku (from 1879 — the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership), which became the largest oil company in Russia. Nobel, Emmanuel Ludwigovich, son of Ludwig Nobel, headed the Nobel Brothers Partnership, the "Ludwig Nobel" company, and other enterprises from 1888 to 1917. He played an important role in Russia's entrepreneurial organizations. At the beginning of 1918, he moved to Sweden.

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